Twelfth Night - Analysis Of Fools Essays (1241 words) -

Twelfth Night - Analysis of Fools Twelfth Night - Analysis of Fools A fool can be defined in many meanings according to the Oxford English Dictionary On Historical Principles. The word could mean "a silly person", or "one who professionally counterfeits folly for the entertainment of others, a jester, clown" or "one who has little or no reason or intellect" or "one who is made to appear to be a fool" (word originated from North Frisian). In english literature, the two main ways which the fool could enter imaginative literature is that "He could provide a topic, a theme for mediation, or he could turn into a stock character on the stage, a stylized comic figure". In William Shakespeare's comedy, Twelfth Night, Feste the clown is not the only fool who is subject to foolery. He and many other characters combine their silly acts and wits to invade other characters that "evade reality or rather realize a dream", while "our sympathies go out to those". "It is natural that the fool should be a prominent attractive figure and make an important contribution to the action" in forming the confusion and the humor in an Elizabethan drama. In Twelfth Night, the clown and the fools are the ones who combine humor wit to make the comedy work. Clowns, jesters, and Buffoons are usually regarded as fools. Their differences could be of how they dress, act or portrayed in society. A clown for example, "was understood to be a country bumpkin or 'cloun'". In Elizabethan usage, the word 'clown' is ambiguous"meaning both countryman and principal comedian". Another meaning given to it in the 1600 is "a fool or jester". As for a buffoon, it is defined as "a man whose profession is to make low jests and antics postures; a clown, jester, fool". The buffoon is a fool because "although he exploits his own weaknesses instead of being exploited by others....he resembles other comic fools". This is similar to the definition of a 'Jester' who is also known as a "buffoon, or a merry andrew. One maintained in a prince's court or nobleman's household". As you can see, the buffoon, jester and the clown are all depicted as fools and are related tied to each other in some sort of way. They relatively have the same objectives in their roles but in appearance wise (clothes, physical features) they may be different. In Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, Feste's role in this Illyrian comedy is significant because "Illyria is a country permeated with the spirit of the Feast of Fools, where identities are confused, 'uncivil rule' applauded...and no harm is done". "In Illyria therefore the fool is not so much a critic of his environment as a ringleader, a merry-companion, a Lord of Misrule. Being equally welcome above and below stairs.." makes Feste significant as a character. In Twelfth Night, Feste plays the role of a humble clown employed by Olivia's father playing the licensed fool of their household. We learn this in Olivia's statement stating that Feste is "an allowed fool"(I.v.93) meaning he is licensed, privileged critic to speak the truth of the people around him. We also learn in a statement by Curio to the Duke that Feste is employed by Olivia's father. "Feste the jester... a fool that the Lady Olivia's father took much pleasure in"(II.iv.11). Feste is more of the comic truth of the comedy. Although he does not make any profound remarks, he seems to be the wisest person within all the characters in the comedy. Viola remarks this by saying "This fellow's wise enough to play the fool"(III.i.61). Since Feste is a licensed fool, his main role in Twelfth Night is to speak the truth. This is where the humor lies, his truthfulness. In one example he proves Olivia to be a true fool by asking her what she was mourning about. The point Feste tried to make was why was Olivia mourning for a person who's soul is in heaven? "CLOWN Good madonna, why mourn'st thou? OLIVIA Good Fool, for my brother's death. CLOWN I think his soul is in hell, madonna. OLIVIA I know his soul is in heaven, fool. CLOWN The more fool, madonna, to mourn for your brother's soul, being in heaven. Take away the fool, gentlemen. Adding to the humor of the comedy, Feste, dresses up as Sir Topaz, the curate and visits the imprisoned Malvolio with Maria and Sir Toby. There he uses his humor to abuse Malvolio who is still unaware that he is actually talking to the clown than to the real Sir Topas. Feste (disguised as

History of Imperialism

History of Imperialism There is no exact definition of imperialism in particular. Usually, this word is confused with colonialism. However, the two words are frequently related to European expansionism except that imperialism is far reaching to the Ottoman and Chinese histories. Certainly, imperialism was a way of life to ancient societies such as Persian and Greek, Aztec and Mayan among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Imperialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Imperialism by definition is the maintenance or creation of unequal cultural and economic relationship between states where one is a subordination of the other. Others define it as the policy that allows a nation to extend its authority or control through establishment of political and economic hegemony through acquisition of other nation’s territorial boundaries (Lenin 14). Imperialism evolved through a series of stages dating back to the AD era. Before developing into a major kingdom, Europe underwent major transformations over a long period of time. Meanwhile, Africa was characterized by a constant stream of explorers and outside traders who brought in new religions and ideas. On the other hand, Henry, the then Prince of Portugal, sent ships to West Africa in attempt to explore the area. He commanded ships to take gold to West Africa in exchange for slaves, and this resulted to the establishment of new colonies especially inside America. Imperialism then took a different phase of industrial revolution where natural resources and raw materials such as diamond and rubber were being transported to Britain. Then followed the era of The Atlantic Slave Trade where horrible injustice was committed against African slaves before they got sold to major kingdoms such as Britain (Lugard 59). Moreover, the scramble for Africa by colonial masters began, and this led to the Berlin Conference of 1888. However, imperialism was resisted in some Af rican countries like the Zulu in South Africa. Meanwhile, effects of imperialism especially loss of life through slave trade raised a lot of tension amongst African nations. This was followed by Independence Nationalism that led to the Pan-Africanism movement, which was aimed at bringing all Africans together on the basis of their common heritage. Through World War II, most European countries were weakened and Pan-Africanism gained strength. As such, most African nations gained independence during the 1950s.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, these nations experienced poor governments and poor economies, which they struggled to stabilize. As this was happening in Africa, Middle East started experiencing imperialism through the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. In the nineteenth century, most independent states such as Egypt were recaptured by the Great Britain. Elsewhere, as India was struggling to gain independence in 1919, troops from Britain wounded and killed almost one thousand five hundred civilians (Lenin 39). What followed from that period was a series of events that led to today’s imperialism. Despite the brevity of the imperialism era, its impact on the world was immense. The European countries who were the major perpetrators of this concept had their culture and society tremendously influenced by the various colonies they captured. Even after independence of most colonies, the interaction process between the colonized and the colonizers continued. Consequently, massive migration from the colonies into Europe occurred, and this was a key factor to the emergence of Europe’s multicultural societies. On a similar note, the culture of Europe was copied to the colonized nations. For instance, European sports such as soccer and cricket are adapted in most countries around Africa, the Pacific, and Asia. This idea is further evidenced by the manner in which countries around these regions speak French and English. Besides, the imperialism legacy developed in different spheres of such colonies. This includes metropolitan economic ties, communication networks, and economic structures that have undoubtedly shaped the contemporary society. Surprisingly, the imperialism legacy has far reaching effects not only in the past, but also in the foreseeable future. Take for example the world’s fluctuations on market that greatly depend on Europe’s economy, which has become so hard to remove, and hence, enhancing this idea of dependency (Lugard 22). Accordingly, imperialism related legacy extends to religious systems in the colonized countries. Not only did campaigns by Christian missionaries convert individuals, but also they left behind a series of Christian states such as Ghana, South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria in Africa.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Imperialism specifi cally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also left behind Catholicism in South Asia and Latin America. Moreover, modernization resulted from imperialism. This resulted to descent cities, the emergence of the money economy, ownership of private land, modern medicine, cash crop farming, and modern technologies among others. Besides, some of the legacy include infrastructure. Evidence exists that some British built road network and water projects in India, Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Pakistan are present up to date. In addition, the British employed the divide and rule strategy that led to ethnic divisions present in our society. For example, they preferred the Hausa and Tutsi communities in Nigeria and Rwanda respectively. They also preferred the Kikuyu in Kenya and the resettled slaves in Liberia. Also, they placed borders illogically, and this led to ethnic conflicts such as those seen in Kashmir, Palestine/Israel, Spanish Sahara/Moroccan Sahara, Biafra war, and West/Eastern Pakistan. Lenin, Vladimir. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1947. Lugard, Frederick. The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa. Edinburgh and London: Blackwood and Sons, 1922.

R.V. Martin (Anthony Edward (2001) ECWA Crim 2245; Q.B1 Case (Critic) Essay

R.V. Martin (Anthony Edward (2001) ECWA Crim 2245; Q.B1 Case (Critic) - Essay Example The jury could convict the defendant if self-defence evidence presented by the defendant raised doubts or the fact that Mr, Martin had used excessive force. The manslaughter charge that Mr. Martin faced would mean the defendant is believed to have used excessive force then the sentence would not be a life imprisonment. Then this would mean that the jury did not believe the defendants defence of having acted on self-defence. The facts that led to, the sentencing of Mr. Martin is knowledge that Mr. Martin used his firearm, yet he knew he was entitled to possessing it. The jury strongly believe that the although it is true that the two men who broke into Mr. Martins house intended to commit a burglary, Mr. martin was entitled to use reasonable force yet he used excessive force when he shot the 16 year old dead and left the other seriously injured. According to the jury Mr. Martin did not act reasonably in both of the cases. The judge in passing the sentence took into consideration the f rustration that Mr, Martin felt at the event of the Burglary as well as the medical report presented by his doctor. The court put into account the situation threat Mr. Martin faced, but it also pointed out that a dangerous weapon was not to be used in the manner that Mr. Martin used during the night of the Burglary. According to Almandras, she points out that the law states clearly that a householder may be liable in civil law or criminal law or in both if he is found to have used unwarranted force in opposition to a burglar or trespasser resulting to the death of the intruder or injury. Matters raised during Mr. Martin’s case suggest that any householder who kills or injuries a burglar will have a complete defence. The defendant is acquitted if he used was reasonable force and this must prove to be in defence of himself or another in the prevention of a crime (2011. p.1). The principal issue raised by conservatives is the measure of reasonable force, which they argue, should be proven, and the householders would not face prosecution unless their action is proven grossly disproportionate. However, democrats support the view that the current law was reliable and did not require a change. In the case, of Mr. Martin Almandras observes that the accused Mr. Martin had experienced several break ins. Mr. Martin had already expressed his dissatisfaction with the police response. On the night of the burglary, Mr. Martin shot onto the two burglars with an unlicensed gun. During his appeal, Mr. Martin presented fresh psychiatric evidence showing that, he was suffering from a long personal disorder. However, the court still ruled that the Mr. Martins state of mind was irrelevant to the purpose of self-defence. The psychiatric evide

Baroque and Classical Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Baroque and Classical Period - Essay Example Baroque music refers to the musical style that took center stage in the 1600s and carried on to the 1700s having transitioned from the Renaissance era. According to Paton, et al., â€Å"The baroque period strived to create an overall balance between two parts that were not symmetrical† (1994, p. 4). It is during the baroque period that music tonality was formed due the increased use of harmony attributed to the realization that chords are better than notes. Tonality was as a result of advancements and extensive use of instruments far more than had been used before. In addition, tonality was facilitated by adoption of new and improved techniques of playing instruments. Although this was a great step in music, more needed to be done and it was not until later that perfection on the proper use of instruments was not attained. Baroque period also saw the establishment of opera and sonata among other great advancements in music. Opera was a less instrumental music which did not req uire use of polyphony and was normally done by a solo singer. Musical advancements led to transitioning from the baroque era to a better and improved era, the classical period. The classical period saw the employment of order and hierarchy in music in a bid to create music clarity. Therefore, simplicity was adopted and there were brighter contrasts and colors unlike in the baroque period. In addition, increased use of chords in music to enable melody to play over harmony led to shift from polyphony to homophony.

Does Harry Summers understand Clausewitz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Does Harry Summers understand Clausewitz - Essay Example The end of World War II saw the rise of nuclear threat and we started hearing terms such as â€Å"limited war† and theory â€Å"analysis†. War has now become just a gimmick and is mainly won by theatrics. The concept of victory has been entirely modified. War and military are now just the servants of an executive. Patriotism and heroism are mere drugs now that are injected into the minds of naà ¯ve and oblivious people to make them do things that no man would choose to do otherwise. According to Summers (and Clausewitz) the system of monarchy still exists. It has just been transformed into something better looking. What conceals it is media tactics and gimmicks. Part II of this study reveals that wars can be won even in most adverse circumstances as long as the political and military objectives are kept in harmony. In the Vietnam War, American people were angry because a war was waged in their name but without their permission. Moreover, the military heads kept making all the decisions of war without any consultation and without any real support. And as a result, the convoluted policies lead them to complete chaos. US army considered the guerillas of war as the main enemy when they were in fact just a proxy force which was very well used by the

Impact of Global Epidemiology of Bacterial Infections

Impact of Global Epidemiology of Bacterial Infections BABATUNDE OLUJIMI OLOGUNDE TOPIC: Discuss the impact of vaccination on the global epidemiology of bacterial infections. Bacterial infections are infections transmitted by pathogenic bacteria. Infection occurs when an organism enters into the host and establishes a relationship which may lead to a disease condition. According to (WHO.int/topics/epidemiology/en); most bacteria are harmless or are more or less beneficial while few are pathogenic. WHO noted that pathogenic bacteria contribute to the other globally important diseases such as pneumonia whose etiologic agents could be Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas species. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lungs which affects primarily the microscopic air sacs called alveoli. Typical symptoms include cough, chest pain, fever and difficulty in breathing. (WHO.int/topics/epidemiology/en).For the purpose of this essay I will be talking about pathogenic bacteria. These are the bacteria that cause acute infections depending on their degree of virulence. Epidemiology, according to the British Medical Journal (BMJ) is the study of the frequency of occurrence of diseases among different groups of people. WHO defined epidemiology as the study of the spread and determinants of health related states or events such as disease condition, the application of epidemiology involves various methods investigations, surveillance and descriptive and analytical studies. The information obtained is very useful by both the government and the health Ministry to plan and evaluate ways to prevent such diseases. Also in patient already affected, epidemiological information serves as a guide to their management. Epidemiology helps the health workers to measure the disease outcomes among the population at risk. Vaccination: Prevention and control of bacterial infections can be achieved by vaccination. As the saying goes â€Å"prevention is better than cure†. Prevention includes vaccination as an environmental measure. Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material in order to stimulate the individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to the pathogen. According to centre for Disease Control (CDC); disease prevention is a key to public health. CDC, opined that â€Å"vaccines are responsible for control† of many infectious diseases that were once common around the world. Examples of such diseases are diphtheria, pertusis, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae and pneumonia. Mode of transmission ranges from mother to foetus, sperm to embryo, among families and social groups (The Marshall Protocol Knowledge Base). MPKB further stated that certain infections such as gonorrhea, influenza and common cold are transmitted through physical contact as in sexual intercourse, and droplets due to coughing and sneezing. Five papers were reviewed in this essay and critically analysed. 1. Maternal tetanus toxoid vaccination and neonatal mortality in rural North. India Singh et al (2012) The above Journal examined the impact of antenatal vaccination in rural India where neonatal mortality ways prevalent. In this paper, Singh et al, (2012) utilized the Indian National family Health Survey (NFHS), and analysed the death rate of singleton births with maternal tetanus vaccination as well as patient attending antenatal clinics being given folic acid and iron. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, a Gram – positive bacilli. In their observation, it was noted that part of the factors responsible for high mortality rate was lack of adequate health facility, in the larger poor society of the densely populated India. The paper further observed that there has been improvement in health condition of the rural population partly due to advances in production of vaccines as well as storage and its distribution. As a result of this they have further recorded a higher immunological response (Singh et al, 2012). This paper concluded that in their study of the socio economic aspects of the survey, it is evident that poorer older women rejected the vaccination. Furthermore, religion was also an important factor that militated against the success of the exercise especially Muslims women not only in India but other party of developing country such as Nigeria, Mali, Gambia, etc. (RAM F Singh A (2006). In their paper titled â€Å"is antenatal care effective in improving maternal health in rural ultar predesh?† Lastly, Singh et al (2012) concluded that in spite of the effort of the government through the agency of National Rural Health Mission to avail health care to all; the poor and the marginalized were still not taken care of adequately. 2. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on otitis media – Taylor et al (2012). In this article, the authors Taylor et all aimed to investigate the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) for the protection of patients against acute otitis media (AOM). According to Taylor et al (2012). Acute otitis media (AOM) is among the foremost reasons for frequent hospitalization as well as prescription of antibiotics for young children. AOM is commonly reported among young children especially those within the age 1 – 3 years. The microbial pathogens implicated which account for 70 – 80% of samples collected from middle ear fluid are Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae. The figure below shows observation data base studies in OM rate for years before and after 7 valent PCV introduction in year 2000. Taylor at al observed that it was difficult to find appropriate controls in a well – immunized population. They however noted that OM rates have reduced by approximately 10% as a result of the introduction of 7v CRM on a long term duration. Since Taylor et al (2012) suggested that influences other than the PC, were partly responsible for above 15% reduction, it follows that more research needs to be one to determine other factors that could be responsible for its reduction. 3. Bacterial meningitis: The impact of vaccination Makwana N Riordan FA (2007) In this article, the authors observed that one of the main causes of death among children under the age of 2 years is acute bacterial meningitis, due to the immaturity of their immune response to polysaccharide antigens. Makwana Riordan (2007) noted that as a result of the introduction of Haemophillus influenzae type 6 (Hib) conjugate vaccine there was a dramatic reduction in the occurrence of all invasive Hib diseases and that of meningitis, both in the United Kingdom and United State. However, while developed countries such as the UK and US have conveniently introduced the vaccines, most developing countries are in capacitated due to the huge cost (Makwana Riordan, 2007) 4. Inequity Worldwide; Andre et al (2007) In this article, Andre et al, opined that vaccines are primarily meant to prevent diseases and not necessarily for protection. However some vaccines are also for protection as well as prevention. They noted that in Finland, USA and other places across the globe, influenza vaccination was discovered to serve as protection against diseases related to the main target. They concluded that vaccination has immense benefit which extend beyond mere prevention of specific diseases in the patients. CONCLUSION Vaccination helps both children and adults According to Ranganathen et al. (2009), vaccination against Strept. pneumoniae have good evidence to support their use. The use of vaccine has led to decreased incidence of these infections in adults because many adults acquire infections from children Ranganathen et al. (2009), observed that streptococcal pneumonia vaccine is available for adults and has been found to decrease the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease. In the summary of the article by Andre et al (2007), they opined that a comprehensive vaccination programme is necessary for good public health and this will go a long way in minimizing inequities and poverty globally. In order to globally combat most of not all, these pathogenic bacterial infections, the developed countries would need to come to the aid of the less developed or the developing countries through the agency of WHO. As much as he less privileged countries are willing to be free from the global epidemic, the huge cost of the procurement of the vaccines is a major hindrance as well as religion beliefs especially the Muslim communities in Africa. REFERENCES: The Marshall Protocol Knowledge Base: Autoimmunity Research Foundation Makwana, N Riordan FA; Bacterial meningitis: The impact of vaccination (year) Taylor S, Marchisco P, Vergison A, Harriagne J, Handsdorf WP, Hanggard M; Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on otitis media: A systematic review 2012:54 (12):1765 – 73 Sinah A, Pallikadavath S, Ogollah R, Stones W. Maternal Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination and Neonatal mortality in Rural North India. 2012; vol 7: issue 11.

Witnessing the Unwitnessable :: Essays Papers

Witnessing the Unwitnessable Against a black canvas glimmer countless particles of light. Some assert themselves as tiny pinpricks while others pool into swirls of color on the ebony backdrop. A cursory glance at these speckles might discern them as nothing but randomness, but a closer examination reveals a certain sense of artistic unity. Their palette is simple – shades of black, white, yellow, blue, red, orange – while their details are elegant. A whirl of gold dances nears a splotch of sapphire; a daub of dainty pink resembles a rose; drops of ivory encircle a void like a pearl necklace; lacy, white tendrils reach toward a spray of amber. These descriptions might hint at a painting, but in this case, the image in question has no artist – it is a photograph of deep space produced by the Hubble Space Telescope known as the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. Taken of a random patch of sky no larger than a grain of sand over a period of three months, this photograph contains an estim ated 10,000 galaxies, each of them billions of years old. This single, tiny frame has captured the profound immensities and beautiful harmony of the universe in an image that defies comprehension. The blackness of the night sky belies the menagerie of color and light hidden from our eyes. Many cosmological objects are too faint to be seen, many emit wavelengths of light our eyes do not know how to respond to, and many (the far side of the moon, for example) are impossible to behold from Earth’s surface. Astrophotography, which will here be broadly defined as â€Å"the capturing of all images of space,† provides a keyhole through which we may view celestial spectacles we would never normally see. Photons, particles of light, are often the only evidence we have of the existence of the vast majority of the objects in the universe. By committing these photons to photographic plates or pixels, astrophotographers capture an imprint testifying that whatever emitted them exists somewhere in the infinity. Seizing photons gives us the power to transform a remote and unimaginable galaxy into a real and tangible photograph. Even more important, viewing astr ophotography raises questions about the fundamental nature of both ourselves and the universe.